By etching patterns on semiconductor you can build transistors, which if connected correctly can make up logic gates, which can be connected into logic circuits implementing registers, adders, state machines etc. But honestly, to explain it all in sufficient detail that you really go from not knowing electronics to understanding how a CPU works, that will simply not fit in a reddit comment. The level of conceptual understanding isn’t all that difficult, but it just takes time to learn and compressing to few paragraphs of text just looses too much information. Youtube is full of educational materials on the topic, just go and get started with something.
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