how do different alphabets get developed over time?
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It’s rare that alphabets are developed. They evolve like animals evolve. And at some point you realize, hey this is different.
Their evolution is usually caused by a culture adopting the alphabet of another, and then adapting it to fit their language, and then drift occurring over time. And you repeat this until over and over across thousands of years and the original is no longer recognizable.
This is how the Greek alphabet came about. They took the Phoenician alphabet and modified it to work for their language. This likely wasn’t done by a committee making decisions on how it would work best, it probably just happened slowly and naturally over time, likely in relation to trade. It also didn’t evolve the same in every place. One region might use a different variation than another. Over time, through contact with each other, these differences evolved away, to better facilitate communication and trade.
Our current alphabet evolved from Greek into Etruscan and then into the Latin alphabet you are familiar with under the Romans. (It has changed significantly since then through evolution and movement, but the core of the alphabet is there, and many letters are easily recognizable)
None of this speaks very much about how the sounds the letters make change. That is a much more complicated topic and variable between different languages using the same alphabet (and within languages too). That has been a long meandering process that is changing to this day. And it has a bunch of reasons many of which are just people are lazy, so they slowly turn high effort sounds into low effort ones. But that’s a huge oversimplification almost to the point of being wrong.
It also doesn’t really get into why we have lowercase and uppercase either but the short answer is they evolved side by side as an easier way to write by hand generally, and their purpose has just changed since then to our use of them today. Same with punctuation.
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