Mos batteries output a different voltage dependent on how unreacted their chemistry is. [here are some li ion voltage curves.](https://images.app.goo.gl/8SL3Z4XXoXYJjxLMA)
By measuring the cell voltage, with some help from keeping track of how much charge has been put into or taken from the battery for the flat spots, the charge state of a battery can be estimated, usually pretty accurately
Latest Answers