First, different materials burn at different rates and temperatures, which can be measured and known beforehand. Second, the longer something burns, the more it is damaged. Thus, experts can analyze the burn pattern, noting where the fire did the most damage and where it was more or less intense, particularly relative to the materials involved, to draw conclusions about where the fire started and whether an accelerant was involved. If they can determine where the fire started, that will also provide clues about what started it. This analysis can be supplemented by chemical and other tests.
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