So its not so much how do forges melt metals, so much as How do forges melt steel and transport the molten steel without melting the container containing the steel as well. This part has always nagged me in the back of my head and I always forget to find out how this is possible.
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As others have pointed out, you use materials in the container that have a higher melting point than the steel you want to melt.
A more interesting question is how do rocket nozzles not melt because they need to deal with both temps and pressures that will melt the materials they’re made of in a matter of only seconds… And they need to do it in an environment that has no air to conduct away the heat…
Part of that answer is to use the cryogenic fuel as coolant before combusting it.
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