How can hundreds and even thousands of years of history, which includes entire civilizations, discoveries and characters, so confidently be explained? Not all of it could have happened the way it’s being taught to modern society, right?
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You’ve gotten some good answers.
Wanted to give you two terms to look up. The first is Stratigraphy. This is basically dirt that was laid down by different eras. As we dig down into the earth, each deeper layer represents further back in time. Each deeper layer has older and older stuff in it. For instance, pottery shards from older people’s are deeper down. We know it is from an older society because the pictures on the pottery match up with older societies. The technology they used is known from examining the broken pieces. We can tell what clay they used, how they hardened the clay, and how hot the fire was they used to harden it. All this tells us how good they were at making pottery. These techniques tend to follow a predictable pattern as we go down further in the earth. If we dig up two towns from long ago that existed next to each other in the past, they usually follow the same pattern the further we dig down. If we dig up a third town, it had better follow the same pattern or we have to examine why.
Second, look up the Toba Line. About 70,000 years ago a volcano erupted in a massive explosion that threw ash in the air. The ash cloud was so big it threw ash everywhere around the world. It settled and was buried just like the pots. We can look for that layer most everywhere. Events like this are predictable. If a bone from an animal is found above the line it is younger than 70,000 years. If it is found below, it is older than 70,000 years. These natural events allow us markers to date the age of the layers we dig up as well.
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