They are making their best guess based on what other historians wrote down and other historical documentation. Modern history is easier because we have better documentation, but it is based on people’s accounts, which are sometimes inaccurate and biased. It is an informed guess, but it is still a guess.
A great example is Mario Antoinette, she is often portrayed as callous and uncaring. She was arguably extremely sheltered and unaware how bad things really were. She ended up serving as a symbol for all the evils the French revolution fought against and her history is colored by that.
Big events are usually well documented as easy to know happened. The exact roles and judgments placed on everyone in those events is a lot murkier.
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