By putting huge effort into it actually. History is an effort of a giant amount of scientists who are working every day on little puzzle pieces which they put together slowly. Some parts of history are well documented, others have almost no written record. Many things can be explained with objects like tools from the time, pieces of everyday life and even feces (do we say poo in eli5?). Lots and lots of very clever people are piecing history together. Even then authors of popular books and movies have to guess a lot of things because for many topics we don’t know enough to really reconstruct a whole society.
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