As mentioned, it is specific grass. Typically bentgrass or Bermuda. It is also cut very short (0.100-0.200 in), and the mowers have rollers to help compress and even out the dirt. Regular aeration and fertilization/pesticide use as necessary as well. And they are watered usually several times a day to make sure they stay healthy. The dirt and construction of the green is also very technical to provide the right firmness and ensure drainage, etc.
In addition to that, it takes a lot of maintenance on the mowers themselves to ensure a perfect cut. I was a mechanic at a golf course, and whenever we would have a tournament and the super would want me to drop the cut height I’d often discover some minor issues that would effect the green at the lower height. I actually had a prism that I would use to magnify the grass to check for minute waviness across the grass or rough cutting, all of which would effect play.
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