There are different types but the most common by far are passive infrared or pir. They see temperature and bigger changes / movement triggers them. They are pretty low resolution.
Further:
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMnQmDgPCUg
* https://learn.adafruit.com/pir-passive-infrared-proximity-motion-sensor/how-pirs-work
* https://www.safewise.com/resources/motion-sensor-guide/#Types_of_motion_sensors
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