They operate under the guidance of an experienced surgeon.
A surgical resident is not going to be allowed to operate without an attending surgeon present. They will start by observing simple surgeries, then move on to performing _parts_ of the surgery under supervision, then move on to performing the _entire_ surgery under supervision, then move on to more complex surgeries under supervision.
Eventually – after years of supervision – they will be allowed to conduct surgeries on their own.
And a patient can _request_ an experienced surgeon all they like – that doesn’t mean that they will get one. If you go to a teaching hospital, you often get residents, particularly for more mundane issues.
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