So the actual anti wave pattern headphones have been explained but there is also a simpler type of noise reduction headphone. It used for shooting ranges and in really loud work environments. Basically they are high noise reduction headphones. But they have microphones and speakers. So with the mics off, they block most sound. With the mics on, they pass through any sounds the mics pick up. They can even amplify it, but what they also do is that if a very loud sound, like gun fire, is picked up by the mic.. it either cuts off the mic for the time that the noise is made OR it simply passes the noise through, but at lower volume.
These are great at the range. You can hear people talking but gunshots are muffled.
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