The blood vessels in your nose are the thinnest blood vessels that are exposed to the environment. Your tissues dry out and become less flexible when it’s dry out, and this can cause them to crack.
Also, if you have high blood pressure (particularly because of hypervolemia, or too much blood in not enough pipes), these blood vessels become the weakest link and can rupture on a particularly strong heart beat. When they do, you lose some blood, your blood pressure lowers a little to safer levels. In this way, they kind of function like little relief valves.
I doubt this is really any kind of evolutionary design, but it is known that some people with high blood pressure suffer from frequent nosebleeds, and any bleeding would alleviate some of that pressure. This is good because other more serious effects such as strokes could occur from high blood pressure if your nose didn’t relieve the pressure first.
I had serious nosebleeds from the effects of chemo on me – like Its-a-throw-away said, dry mucus membranes split and crack – I had dry eye, dry sinuses, dry mouth, dry vaginal tissues and most important, the lining of my intestines mostly died, leaving me with a 35 foot road rash that wouldn’t scab up inside – I was shedding interstitial fluid and blood fast enough I ended up in hospital just barely before my organs were going to start shutting down – 2 IVs running full bore 24 hours a day, no chemo drugs and radiation for a week and I healed up enough to finish the last 9 days of chemo and radiation [I was at the stage where I was getting oral chemo and radiation every day for a total of 26 days – something like 54 gray dosing. [it was more than I got on any random multimonth contract working repairing nuke plants professionally]
I still get random nosebleeds if I don’t get enough water, I tend to drink about 3 liters a day now automatically, and I pretty much constantly use nasal saline spray and neutral saline eyedrops. I do have some goop for dry mouth but it is artificially flavored and sweetened and tastes like crap which is why I drink so much water.
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