How do passive circuits work with no battery/power source?
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I think you’re possibly misunderstanding the term “passive” in the context of electrical components. Let’s take a capacitor, as an example. A capacitor is considered a passive electrical component. You apply a charge to it, and the capacitor will “store” the charge. The power source is external to the capacitor, but there is still a power source.
The opposite of a passive component is an active component. Active components either provide the source of power (like a battery) or control the flow of current (like a transistor).
There is quite a bit more to it than this, but that’s probably a good ELI5 level answer. If you want more detail, Tutorials Point actually has a good page on the subject: [Difference between Active and Passive Components (in Electronics)](https://www.tutorialspoint.com/difference-between-active-and-passive-components-in-electronics)
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