It’s a combination of memorization of face states, a limited set of moves trained in to muscle memory, and chance.
That is, there are very few people who can consistently solve a randomly mixed cube in under 10 seconds every time.
But most mixed up cubes aren’t really “random” but instead are in a relatively small set of states for which the person has memorized the solution.
To solve a Rubik’s cube in general, most people memorize a sequence of moves that can do things like swap two pieces in some scenario and so on. If you memorize enough of these and use that at the right times, you can solve a Rubik’s cube. If you do that, you can probably solve a Rubik’s cube in about 2-5 minutes. To get to the point you can do it in a few seconds, you have to get really good at doing certain moves and you have to memorize a lot more really specific moves.
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