Tried and true designs, on top of going to school for years for engineering specifically. Back then we didn’t really know but could build scale models and subject them to scaled forces, it was kind of a luck of the draw. Plus, we built smaller buildings first, technology just advances with age and we slowly figured out how to make them taller and taller, using similar building techniques and tweaking them to try and get that last bit of height.
Nowadays we have super advanced computer simulations that can basically predict just about everything and how a structure will hold up in just about every weather scenario. Heck, you can get video games where you can build stuff and it can process physics and forces better than the computers from a couple decades ago.
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