They don’t, but in slightly different ways.
Projectors send an image on a reflective white screen, and for black the film is completely opaque so that no light is sent. However you have to watch in the dark so that no ambient light “lights up” the parts you want to be black.
Computer and TV screens also send light when needed, or not at all, but the default color of the material used is black to begin with, so even in a lit room, you see a black object.
There was a scam a few years ago about à glace let containing a micro projector showing a user interface on your wrist, and their prototype video showed black being projected. You simply cannot do that.
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