Your thyroid needs Iodine to function, and saps up as much of it as it can (it’s why we iodize table salt).
Among the decay products a nuclear explosion creates is a harmfully radioactive Iodine isotope. Isotopes are chemically identical to each other. So your thyroid absorbs the radioactive isotope, and you get thyroid cancer.
Iodine pills saturate your thyroid with safe iodine so that it won’t absorb radioactive iodine. It is safe to stop taking iodine pills after the radioactive iodine dissapates or is cleaned up.
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