The main way this happens without the signal being repeated by active devices like a satellite or retransmitting stations is via layers of electric charge in the ionosphere. Radio waves can reflect between these layers and the earth multiple times to make the trip. They can also scatter at angles from sharp features (knife edge diffraction), travel between layers of differing temperature in the atmosphere (ducting), reflect off the ion trails of meteors, aurora, or even the moon. There are many more propagation modes I’m not thinking of right now. All of these modes have a different sound. If your interested in learning more, ham radio is a great hobby that exercises all of these techniques. It’s magical to try this out for yourself either by listening or even transmitting (with a license) to see what you can accomplish.
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