In modern times, you have GPS, Radar, and lighthouses. GPS is self explanatory, radar lets you see buoys with retroreflectors on them, that are used to mark channels, as well as other ships.
In ancient times, you had the sun and stars, you could figure out your latitude by using an astrolabe, but you couldn’t figure out your longitude until you had an accurate timekeeping device, such that you could tell how delayed the rise or fall of the sun was compared to your place of origin.
There are more possibilities, like the Vikings using a sunstone to locate the sun when it’s overcast, and the Polynesians using the interference patterns of waves to locate islands that were too far away to see.
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