It’s not infinitely random. It’s random from a set starting point. Every “randomization” algorithm used in the game will generate the same result IF it’s starting from the same starting point.
The seed is that starting point.
Edit: I say every one in the game. All the ones used for building the world are working off of that seed. Other things can be used as a seed, like say a hash of the system time reported into the game. There are algorithms in minecraft using other seeds like what blocks get hit with random ticks. Those won’t be identical between worlds.
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