In addition to what’s already said here, there may be a lot of configurations but the problem is broken down into smaller problems involving fewer pieces. Each of these smaller problems have a much smaller set of possible configurations that are easier to memorize.
When you chain these smaller problems in steps, first layer, middle layer, etc, then as certain pieces are solved the number of configurations the remaining pieces could be in also become smaller. One can then memorize these solutions.
For example, in the standard CFOP method, by the time you get to the top layer, there are two problems left to solve. The first has 57 configurations and the second has 21. These will take a few weeks of practice to memorize but can be executed in under 5 seconds if you’re very good.
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