It’s not really an in-depth explanation, but as far as I know, there’s always a couple of layers with textures (giving the surface its color and look) and shaders (helping react to light and creating reflections).
On the other hand, ripples and waves are made with math (fun 😁) and formulas called noise. These create an illusion it’s in constant motion.
Nowadays, Unreal Engine 5 has built-in tools and makes water as well as many of the the objects look pretty on its own (through rendering systems like Lumen and Nanite). These help devs in the sense you don’t make everything from scratch anymore.
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