When we talk about a chip, we often think about it having a really complicated circuits, like the Apple M2 where it has 20 billions of transistors and etc. Back in the days, chip weren’t that complicated so I could digest that they could design it. But nowadays since they’re more complicated, do they really design it when they’re very small like nanometer level?
Ps: I’m not a computer engineering student but feel free to use some technical terms if needed since I take related course to this.
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Early on people could actually design chips manually, drawing the circuits and locating components by hand. Now though with chips having billions of components there is no way for people to do it, so instead custom computer programs form chip layouts based on sets of rules. The specific workings of these programs are closely guarded trade secrets.
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