There are two paths to our digital sounds in games – sampling and synthesizing and then combos of those. Synthesized sounds are built from the ground up as designed waveforms and samples are recordings of things that are then made controlled by the game (or a keyboard, midi controller, computer, etc.).
So..for your example, they may literally sample a car at different levels of throttle and then digitally “smooth” the transition between them and put that overall affect at the control of your player. They may also just have a sample of different levels of throttle and let you move through that sample forward and back with the control of your player.
It starts with digital audio sampling – the recording of the sounds real cars make into a digital file which can be manipulated and inserted into the game. The longer you press the throttle button in a certain gear, the louder and higher the pitch will be – just like in real life.
[Here is the non-ELI5 explanation ](https://www.carthrottle.com/post/how-audio-engineers-record-and-develop-the-engines-noises-in-car-games/)
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