your right, plastic isn’t conductive, but the wireless chargers use something called induction to pass power.
basically, running AC (ie normal mains electric) power though a coil of wire creates a magnetic field. that process also works in reverse: a changing magnetic filed will create (induce) a current in a coil of wire. this is how electric motors work, and dynamos that convert turning power into electricity (like in power stations).
So, your phone has a coil of wire built into it, which picks up the magnetic field that the wireless charger is pushing out, and that changing magnetic field creates a current that is then fed into the battery as charge. it only works over a very short distance because the magnetic field drops off very fast.
does that make sense?
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