Basically, they shove more air into your engine per piston stroke, which lets you shove more fuel into your engine per piston stroke. The result is a more powerful engine for the same size of engine.
As an example, say you’re running 1 bar of boost. When the engine takes an intake stroke to draw air and fuel into a cylinder, 1 bar of extra pressure means that there will be twice as much air pushed into the cylinder. It’s the same volume, but with twice as much air in it, and a correspondingly higher pressure. So you can add twice as much fuel to burn. Which means when that cylinder is compressed and ignited, it will produce about twice as much power as the same cylinder if it had no boost.
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