The voice actor director or director sits with them. They know the script and lines being recorded really well and will give the actor cues.
Sometimes the cue are really general: “Say that line like you’re sad.”
Or they can get more precise: “OK, say it now faster, but pretend like you’re not sad, but you really are.”
Or they may just lay out the scene: “The characters dog just died and they are explaining to their kids and pretending to be brave.”
But usually the director will hedge their bets and just record tons of different styles: “Say it more sad”. “Now say it less sad.”
Then the director can come in later and choose whichever performance they liked best. Recording lines is relatively cheap and a good voice actor can get through many many lines very rapidly in many different styles.
As to the characters, generally they only record one character at a time. So even if the dialog is back and forth between A and B and one actor is doing A and B, usually they record all of A’s lines then all of B’s lines to minimize confusion. But they do that anyway if A and B are played by different actors.
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