How do we know how extinct languages sounded?

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I was just reading the Wikipedia entry on the Epic of Gilgamesh. One of the sources cited states that “According to a long-standing Assyriological convention, the legendary ruler of Uruk had two names: Bilgames in Sumerian and Gilgames in Akkadian.”

How can we know that?

Sumerian is a language isolate, and it hasn’t been spoken for thousands of years. It wasn’t until the 19th century that people began deciphering Sumerian cuneiform inscriptions on excavated tablets. How can we know the phonology of such languages?

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Anonymous 0 Comments

I don’t think I understand the connection from the names to phonology. Are you asking about how the name was translated from cuneiform to Latin characters, and how that resulted in a different name than the same person’s other name that had been translated into Latin characters from a different source?

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