how do we know what past continents like pangaea or laurentia looked like?
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Hundreds of years of thinking really hard and guessing. Since we know that animals and plants don’t normally appear from nothing, we can “trace” the existence of an animal or plant or fish from one region to the other. We may find a species came from another place or another species, creating a sort of timeline. We can observe the continents as they are moving now, compare that with past observations, and figure out that because these animals/plants had no way to cross the ocean and because we think these two continents used to be connected that they must have been connected around that time (given the current speed and the history of both continent’s animals)
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