How do we know what the core of the Earth is made of?

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The deepest hole dug by humans is 12 km deep, how do we know what is there 2900 km deep?

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We use seismic waves from explosions and earthquakes as we can tell how they travel through different mediums. Also, we know what it would take to generate a magnetic field such as the one we have. If the earths core were made of sand it wouldn’t generate a magnetic field or if it were made of different metals it would create a weaker field.

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