Our brain contains many neurons. These neurons can be compared to capacitors that store an electrical charge. When the charge of one or two neurons is measured, it is almost impossible to notice. But, changes charge in many neurons are more noticeable and we can detect it.
For this using electrodes attached to the head. The science that studies how these charges change is called Electroencephalography (EEG).
Using this, we can observe how the charge of neurons behaves during sleep and observe the change in sleep phases visually.
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