How do you measure stuff in space? How do we know this star weighs x-times the weight of the sun? And how we know how much the sun weights. Same goes for distances. How can you tell how far something is?
In: Physics
In short trigonometry, If you measure something on Earth in two different places, or even two different times of year. You can calculate by using trigonometry how far away something is.
It also depends on what you’re measuring. If it’s a star. You can usually tell it’s mass by measuring what it’s using for fuel. And more accurately if it’s orbiting something visible near by. Then you can use Keplers Law to get mass.
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