Do you mean how do they have flavor but no calories?
We can isolate flavor compounds and use those constituent compounds and aromas to give drinks and food flavor. Then add those to filtered water. Then if you don’t add a sweetener, there are no calories. If you do want to sweeten them, you can use a zero calorie sweetener. Some are artificially derived like aspartame. I think it’s made from sugar alcohols (by products of sugar making). Or you can use other sweeteners from more naturally derived sources like stevia which is derived from a plant.
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