As batteries charge and drain, their voltage changes. The change is pretty small compared to their overall voltage, but it is measurable. A computer then compres the voltage to a chart like [this](https://www.powertechsystems.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2018/11/LiFePO4-vs-Lead-Acid-Discharge-Curve-EN-300×173.png) one to determine the charge.
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