If you imagine that each component in the computer—CPU, memory, storage, GPU, networking, audio etc is a building in a city with a specific function, then the motherboard is the city infrastructure itself: the streets, electrical, plumbing and so on, that allow the buildings to communicate, share data, and operate in concert.
And it’s worth noting that many functions such as audio and networking are handled by the motherboard itself—depending on the board, they may have chips built-in for various functions. In fact, some boards _include_ the CPU and memory, we usually call these System-on-Chip, or SoC—smart phones are one example.
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