Intercontinental communications are typically done with undersea fiber optic cables. Satellites are used for this too, but have less bandwidth and reliability; So they’re significantly less common, and mostly used for providing internet to remote locations that have no wired connections available.
Undersea cables use extremely strong armor and shielding to protect themselves from the elements. They’re typically buried slightly underneath the sand at the bottom of the ocean. They’re planned in advanced to go through the most shallow points of the ocean.
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