It’s sort of like a square barcode. Just like a barcode is a pattern of black and white stripes that represents a number, everyone has agreed on a standard for converting text into the QR format. When your phone sees that format, it can translate it back to the original text.
You can encode whatever you want as a QR code, but usually you want it to be something useful, like a link. So your phone is programmed to look for hints as to what you might be trying to use it for – like if what’s encoded in it fits the pattern of a website, your phone will ask if you want to go to that website.
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