It’s actually pretty ingenius
Water boils at 100°C. That means that water will never get hotter than that. But if there isn’t water, it can.
So rice cookers have a heat detecting system at the bottom of the pot. (Note, not an electric one. But that’s a story for another comment)
So you put water and rice in, and turn on the heat. The heating filament heats up the water as hot as it physically can (which is only 100°).
Eventually, without water covering the bottom of the cooker, the temperature at the bottom will eventually go over 100°. Once it does, the cooker kills the heat.
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