Typically there is a water table, or a depth where if you were to dig you would hit water. They drill down below that depth and add a pipe to pump the water up.
When it rains the water goes into the ground and fills the well but during drought season it can go empty if more water is used than what the well holds.
(Literally just went through that with a sale of my fathers property. 75′ wasn’t deep enough for the buyer to run 300 gallons to test the septic…)
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