Physical space
If you get water on an outlet it only needs to bridge about an inch to connect hot to neutral and create a short
Electrical poles have insulators that keep the wires spaced several inches off the pole and are designed so you really can’t get a path of water across the surface. On high voltage poles the insulators can be a couple feet long.
In the event that something does bridge the gap like a tree branch it will generate an arc and will probably be burned away by it. If it doesn’t quickly burn away then the breakers trip and shut off power to those lines.
We don’t actually insulate power lines on poles, it’d be really thick and add a lot of weight. It’s more useful just to have physical spacing on the poles
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