How does an op amp work? How does it “see” the feedback voltage?
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It doesn’t. The op-amp doesn’t care. It simply tries to output (as best it can) a multiple of the difference of the voltage between the inputs. It doesn’t “know” that it is seeing feedback. It simply “measures” the input voltages and tries to multiply that by the gain factor and present it to the output.
If you drive the op amp in linear mode, it basically does what its name says, it amplifies the voltage difference. If it is in saturation mode, then the output either tries to peg itself to Vcc or ground.
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