I think other answers haven’t tried to explain yet – what we might commonly perceive as a regular surface texture can in fact by incredibly detailed and different at the levels at which the optical sensor is working.
I might see a uniform grey desk surface but there’s enough surface texture and differences in how light reflects from it (especially when using a laser light source) that two parts of my desk 1mm (and less) apart look vastly different from the mouse sensor’s perceptive.
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