When a relatively low resolution image is upscaled to produce or render a high resolution image, such as HD in your question, you need to quite simply fill in missing data or picture elements (pixels} that do not exist in the low res image. To do so processors analyze the actual picture and estimate what is missing to make it HD and then produces and fills in those missing pixels.
In my understanding it’s basically like a graphics card, the signal runs through it where it’s cleaned up has access to codecs etc to smooth the video and reduce distortion of the frames before being sent to your TV, if you play like a Wii through the cheaper ones you get a tiny bit of latency…someone correct me if I’m wrong though because I’m not 100%
Edit: I asked for correction, downvoted instead lol
It’s mostly marketing BS. If upscaling actually did anything magical there’s be no need for 4K content, we could just run our old DVDs and 240p YT vids through an upscaler and enjoy the perfect picture.
But upscaling doesn’t add image quality, it just minimizes the unpleasant artifacts of digitally increasing image dimensions.
It’s a misconception that upscaling can produce HD from SD content. It doesn’t create any new information, it just multiplies the number of existing pixels by whatever amount required to create the HD or 4k resolution. Then it applies some blurring and averaging to reduce the appearance of jagged edges.
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