How do they provide enough power for 48V phantom power on audio interfaces? I don’t know much about electricity but it the number seems quite a lot?
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Power is the product of voltage and current. If you draw a low current at a high voltage the power is still lower.
USB has a 5V output at max 900mA so 4.5W power fot the USB 3.1 standard without power delivery addition. You can change the voltage with electonis but a increase voltage result in a decreased max current in the ideal case the power has not changed, in practice there is some loses in the conversion.
4.5/48 = 0.093A so if you use a standard USB port with ideal voltage conversion at 48V the map current that can be drawn is 0,093A = 93mA In practice components are not ideal so the max current is lower. But even as bad as 50% efficiency is 45mA
A quick look at what current is drawn results in https://www.sounddevices.com/phantom-powering-basics/ and toe the one there at 48V the current was between 0.8 and 10 mA. That will be no problem in delivering from a USB outlet
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