This is literally 6th grade curriculum that is repeated several times throughout grade school…
Think: What are the three methods heat can be transferred?
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
The air heats it via convection. The sun heats it via radiation with UV rays which takes it well past the temperature of the air. It’s not a closed system so it doesn’t matter if the air is cooler; it’s being heated faster than the air can cool it. Asphalt is an insulator in this context so this delta in temp can persist easily.
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