If you don’t know the key, that’s not decoding, that’s cryptoanalysis.
Decrypting takes a known algorithm, an encrypted message, and a key from which it mathematically computes a decrypted message.
Cryptanalysis is a guessing process where clues in the encrypted mssage are used to guess at the key, and then use that guess to see if the message decodes into something readable. Depending on the algorithm, this might be easier or harder. Computers are super fast at this sort of thing, so a lot of guesses can be checked in a small time.
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