Semiconductors generate heat when they’re being used, and die if they get too hot. Modern processors have temperature sensors and will decrease clock speed and voltage if they get hot, to keep themselves from dying.
Dust makes it harder to keep those parts cool, making them more likely to thermally throttle. The thermal throttling is what you notice as a performance degradation.
It’s the dust INSIDE the device that matters, unless the outer case is used as a heatsink.
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