When drilling a hole into a rock, filling it with water, and freezing it, why does it expand outward to break the rock rather than extrude out of the hole that was drilled?
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They do a little bit. Ice will expand upward a little bit, but it’s not fluid enough that *all* of it will move upward seeking the path of least resistance. The ice at the bottom of the hole is just going to expand immediately outward where it is, into the sides of the rock.
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