When drilling a hole into a rock, filling it with water, and freezing it, why does it expand outward to break the rock rather than extrude out of the hole that was drilled?
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it freezes where it contacts the ground first. So all the sides, and even the top freeze first. The inner portion is insulated a bit, and stays liquid till near the end.
It’s when that inner core freezes and has nowhere to go that the damage occurs. It’ll push out, and up. and not in a uniform press either. This is what causes it to break.
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